用英语的点滴,之三

用英语的点滴,之三

    在北京,可以用英语的场合不多,优秀的中文到处都有,尤其是书店里边有各种有趣味的读物,报摊也丰富,这样就占用了工作之余的时间,使用英文的机会就更少了。

    前一次忘了说,网络是个不错的东西,可也是个不好的东西,我其实是不看新闻的,什么新浪搜狐,一概不看。如果想了解中国的事情,那就看看纽约时报,或者BBC的网站,所以这两个网站轮换当浏览器的主页好几年,都是有一搭没一搭的看,没有花费精力。这些主页,只看第一页,很少点击看第二层的。

    在北京,继续把IE的主页设成纽约时报,算是保持旧有的习惯吧。

    继续订杂志,买过半年的NEWSWEEK,非常便宜,不是当周的,要晚一个星期,忘了,好像是从沪江网站上看到有人转手自己的杂志,其实是他看过的,无所谓,便宜啊,弄来看看也好。之后又定了一年的Economist,——题外话,这个词的重音在第二个音节,eCOnomist,而economics却不同,在第三个音节上,ecoNOmics,开始我总是读的不对,别扭。——《经济学人》这个杂志比TIME深入,文章的块都大,看得晕。:)

    好像也订过一年的NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC,总之杂志就是翻阅的,而不是细细阅读的,碰到有意思的题目有趣的好文章,再深入看。《国家地理》上面的照片真好,曾经想如果专职给这本杂志当摄影师该不错,可以领略各种自然美景,后来才发现那些摄影师大部分都是兼职的。

    看杂志是一方面,另外一方面就是看小说了。北京的变化非常大,当年上大学的时候,还难以觅得流行的英文小说,彼时却已经有书店销售了。西单图书大厦的地下室里,就有一些流行英文小说,虽然不多,可也聊胜于无。不过那里的价钱都不能让人满意,太贵,一本纸皮的小说,要100元左右,无法让人接受。其实算成美元也便宜,可我的薪水不是用那大小一样的绿色钞票支付的,总是感觉不划算。好在天朝有天朝的招数,海盗版!长安街复兴门外那一片,到了晚上总有人推着板车,上面什么流行书都有,简直就是复制了书店里的排行榜,英文书也不少,经典小说和流行小说,可以找到《傲慢与偏见》,也能找到《达芬奇密码》。

    海盗版的中文书,估计翻印的那些人用了文字扫描识别的软件,然后做出来的书,结果里边有太多的别字,简直看着生气,索性不买。可英文书就没这个问题,海盗版的英文书完全是影印的,除了纸张的质量差一点之外,并无大碍。我看的《达芬奇密码》就是在长椿街地铁口买的,十块钱。这本小说在电影没拍出之前我就看了一小半,是哥哥给我的PDF版本的,不知道他从哪里找到的,可在电脑上看总是不舒服,也就没看下去。有了纸版的,就可以肆意的歪在椅子里,或者躺在床上翻篇了。很快,不到一个星期就看完了,这本书有点虎头蛇尾,后来又有人狗尾续貂那是后话了。之后把看完的那本小说送给以前一个英语非常好的同事,不知道她看了没有。趁公司派去美国几次出差的当儿,买了一本插图本,14.99美元,还买了好几本Jeffery Deaver的小说,都当作差旅费报掉了。后来开看THE BONE COLLECTOR,没看下去,一则杂事太多,再者没有环境了。

    有一段时间对短波收音机很感兴趣,这次就不是地摊货了,SONY ICF7600GR,很好使,在郊区收BBC一点问题都没有,可住在北京市区里,电磁环境太恶劣,无法忍受噪音。不过在噪音中听广播的确训练听力,这就好比跑步锻炼的时候,总是在脚踝处帮上沙袋,训练一段时间,一旦丢掉沙袋,就跑得飞快了。2006年1月曾经写过一篇《听BBC与纪昌学射 》,其实比起纪昌来,还是差的远呢。

    至于其他使用英语的机会,就比较少了,不知道和美国日本的同事通电子邮件算不算,好像我总是每次再写完一个邮件发出之后,发现,啊,有语法错误!这下又被美国的编辑笑话了,不过她也从来没笑话过我。

    总体来说,用英语的兴趣还有,毕竟这可以通往另外一个世界,只不过在北京有更多其他的乐趣,这个就搁置了。

用英语的点滴,之二

用英语的点滴,之二

    这个系列是按时间写的,其实这样的写法比较笨,高明的写手会同时有好几条时间线索,同时跨越好几个空间,不过我这又不是写小说,不能把看客说晕了。

    大学稀里糊涂就过了,傻乎乎的不知道未来的艰辛。说到英语,没什么长进,考试倒是会了,托福考了好几次,就这样到了北纬一度的岛国,那里虽然他们标榜是英语国家,法定语言是英语,其实满大人的官话照样通行,记得第一天到那里,做巴士,我没有乘车卡,于是问旁边的人怎么办,他的回答让我大吃一惊,他问我有没有“银角”,我脑袋转了好几个圈才明白,不就是硬币么,非要拽文,这种词写写还行,怎么能用在口语里呢。

    至于英语,如果真是学会了当地的方言英语,肯定会被不少人笑话的,汉语有一些语气助词,“了”、“啊”、“哇”,这些在新加坡英语也能找到,举些例来说,I don’t know leh. Are you serious meh? Wah lau ai! Alah ma!(这个最有趣,相当于“我的妈呀!”,不过仔细看,是“安拉他妈啊!”)好像曾经看过维基百科有个相关的条目,很详细,有趣有趣。

    所以啊,得找正儿八经的英语来防治自己走上歧路。

    南洋岛国的一点好处是,用调频收音机就能收到BBC World Service,那里虽然曾经是英国的殖民地,同样也排斥主流西方媒体,所谓的岛国心胸。前宗主国的BBC广播,就被挤到很角落里的一个频率上去了,并且功率也没有临近的当地电台强,稍微调一下,就会串台。为此买了一个SONY的很小的便携收音机,四十九新元,当时换成人民币,得两百多了,没见过什么世面的我,以为真是贵啊,不过确实挺贵的。这个收音机跟了我三年多,一直有一搭没一搭的听,其间洗衣服还把它不小心洗过一次,经历了洗衣机磨难之后,小SONY居然工作依然正常,厉害厉害,以后买电器还是得买日本的。

    BBC World Service在正点报时新闻的时候,会有世界各地的记者报出驻地的地名,并且是用当地的方言英语报的,很有意思,似乎现在依然是这样。好像是这么说的,This is BBC World Service in Teheran, New Delhi, Singapore, Shanghai….德黑兰是波斯味道的,新德里有印度咖喱的味、新加坡具有坡上的浅白、上海一听那说话的就是个中国人。现在回想,当时基本上大部分都听不明白,可管他呢,先听着再说,至少里边介绍世界各地音乐的节目还是能听明白的。偶尔听明白一两条新闻,还是挺高兴的。

    听就是这样的,由于当地的报纸杂志严重匮乏,有的也是广州火车站站前报摊的水平,所以不能看,好在岛国怎么也算国际大城市,可以订阅美国的杂志,TIME我就定了一年,后来又续了一年,之后又给我送了半年,不错。有很长一段时间,半年吧,晚上没事情,就找本杂志念,一次念半个来小时,TIME毕竟是美国人的杂志,不会有语言错误,这样念念久了,舌头就灵活了。怎么想起念杂志的呢,因为小学的时候,有一种家庭作业就是念书,把课文朗读两遍,然后家长在课本上签字。我私下揣摩,怎么着我大学毕业了要读硕士了,英语水平再不济,也能算上小学的水平吧,可不知道英美的小学生怎么学习母语,那我就按我小时候学汉语的方法学好了。歪打正着,现在体会到当年“苦读”的好处了。:)

    岛国的电影便宜,那时候基本上只要愿意,每周都能去电影院,4.5元到7元8元不等,总之是便宜,电影院里都是当季美国的流行影片,没有字幕的,也就是看个大概看热闹。暑热难熬的时候,就找个朋友一同去电影院享受冷气。金门泰附近有家影院,比其他家的老旧一点,可要便宜一块钱,经常去。这样从看电影,就引出了后来的一个爱好——看小说。

    THE SUM OF ALL FEARS,这是根据Tom Clancy的同名小说改编的电影。当年对这些一窍不通,是一个好友介绍我同去电影院看的,之后又介绍我在书店里买了这本小说,她买了Tom Clancy的另外一本Without Remorse,这本小说真是好看,几年前曾经写过读后介绍,结果呢,我把这本看完了,说好了跟那朋友交换,她的那本小说还一点没开封呢,连包书的塑料纸都没撕掉。

    如此一发而不可收,接连看了好些小说,Harlan Coben,Agatha Christie,Jeffery Deaver,Frederick Forsyth都是在那个时候熟悉的。小说看到高兴的时候,一天就能看掉小半本,那可真是阅读的快乐啊。小说里有生活中的各种场景,各种对话,甚至黑话脏话都有,是个掌握语言的捷径啊,我怎么以前不知道呢。

    新加坡这个地方说是有岛国心胸,还真不冤枉,有一次在逛街的时候,跟那些站柜台的营业员搭讪,用英语,结果他们说我的英语怎么这么好,不会是香港来的吧。哈哈哈,我当然告诉他们我从中国来啊,这些人总是以为,世界上除了新加坡的华人会说英语,其他就只有香港了。

    使用语言的过程总是潜移默化的,Instru Lab有个做兼职的硕士,新加坡人,他去过美国多次,不是鼠目的人,有一次他在做试验,我在他背后和一个缅甸人聊天,他听了一阵子,回头,才知道是我,呵呵,原来他以为某个美国人和缅甸人聊天呢。当然,我的理解是,他的这个说法有过誉的嫌疑,不过也证明了我的使用英语的方法是有效的。要在使用中进步,而不是在学习中进步,取法乎上得乎其中,没错。

    在新加坡,有半年时间是很特殊的,因为我还要考托福,剑桥大学的入学对语言有要求,其实世界上所有的语言考试都和实际的使用有脱离,英国人美国人搞出来的考试也逃不脱。虽有对付考试的本事,可准备考试的过程仍然是难受的,我连考三个月,就是为了把写作的分数提高到6分,第一次5,第二次5.5,倒霉催的,还得考第三次,结果是个6.5!后来虽然没有用这个成绩去剑桥,可它也是有用的,下文再说。

    读硕士期间,到美国去了两个月,开会加玩,主要是玩,那个时候对玩很有兴趣,从订青年旅馆到购买灰狗巴士的车票,从找钱到换旅行支票,都很有精神的弄,坐飞机转两三次依然精神头不减,到美国也是跑了好几个城市,美国的巴士是要拉绳提醒司机停车的,这和英式的按按钮不同。旅游期间照片都拍了十多卷,很重的尼康F60背着跨越了半个地球好几次。在好莱坞,看到有卖墨西哥人的毛毯,在中间掏一个洞,套在头上,跟那个老兄搞价钱,他死活不降价。不降价也好,否则我之后也没法穿出去。还有一个卖切格瓦拉圆领衫的,跟那个哥们说得很高兴,我说切格瓦拉在中国很流行,——那个时候的确有个同名的话剧,很风行了一阵。——然后跟他侃价,好像最终三美元还是五美元买了一件。事实证明我的语言能力还是很强的,起码没丢钱没丢人,还玩得挺愉快。

    就这样,没人点拨,也算是摸索出一条使用英语的道道来了。

尼康小世界

尼康小世界

    尼康小世界(Nikon Small World)是尼康公司设置的一个摄影奖项,专为光学显微镜摄影所设,自1974年开始,已经有三十多年的历史了。这些美丽的照片在互联网没有普及之前,估计只能通过图书馆或书店里的画册宣传流通,虽然互联网带来了不少麻烦,可也得感谢互联网,让这样有趣的事情来到我的身边。

    由于使用光学显微镜的人多是从事科学工作,所以照片中的摄影对象基本上都和科学相关。2009年的奖项明年四月三十号截止,第一名奖金3000美元,可用于购买尼康的摄影器材。

    尼康相机是好东西,尤其是传统的胶片相机,上周刚在当铺里买到一台二手的尼康F75,这个型号是尼康普及型单反相机的最后一款,之后尼康公司就停止生产胶片单反相机了,而F75据说也已经停产很久了。虽说是二手,可是非常新,估计前一个主人没拍多少胶卷就选择使用数字相机了。这台相机配有尼康的28~100变焦镜头,整体非常轻,比当年我的F60轻巧多了。

    上周逛电器行,才发现,原来数字相机都这么便宜了,富士的相机,一千万像素,十倍光学变焦,才99镑,换成人民币也就是一千两百多,比起两年前我的这台水货数字照相机都便宜很多很多,简直就是白菜价钱,——白菜可不便宜,买两棵大白菜,得花三镑。可见电子产品不能跟风,追求当时的技术水准是个愚蠢的事情。

    在网上跟还在赤道岛国的一个朋友说起来,她说要送我一台尼康F65,是她不要了准备扔了的,太好了,扔给我好了,F65比F60又进步很多。现在的确很少很少有人用胶卷了,只有大超市才有卖胶卷的,星期五问了一家图像社,冲洗一个36张的卷,一小时快冲,要6.99镑,真不便宜啊。

    数字相机带来便利的同时,也把拍照片变成了吃快餐。以前拍一卷照片需要等待,要等整卷都拍完之后,才能看到当时的拍摄效果。如果是好朋友合影的话,等照片洗出来,也许已经天各一方了,需要再加印几张,分别邮寄过去。这样一个时刻的快乐,可以引起两个不同时刻的欣喜。可现在不一样了,用数字相机,当时拍摄,立刻可以查看照片,然后转存到电脑上边,再用邮件分发各人,不到一分钟,照片中的笑声在空中还没沉寂下来,各人就已经看到那凝固的数字照片了。这不知是好事情还是坏事情,至少利弊参半吧。

    尼康小世界,网址在此:
http://www.nikonsmallworld.com/index.php

用英语的点滴,之一

用英语的点滴,之一

    最近有个朋友说我的英语水平挺高的,——这个评价比较公正,呵呵,我喜欢,——她想搜集如何学好英文的方法,去糊弄刚进入大学的小朋友。我们电话网上都聊了聊,其实我也一直想写写,那就写写吧,想到哪里写到哪里,按时间顺序比较容易。

    首先,我不是在“学”英语,我是在“用”英语,这个过程完全是摸索出来的,有点运气的成分,一句话说不清,还得从头说起。

    话说当年在大学里,大家都是冲过高考独木桥的,隐约记得当年我的英语是九十二分,已经很高了。不过那都是考试英语,根本不会用,大学里的英语教学也是以考试为导向的,我现在回想,我的那些英语老师,他们除了对付考试弄出一堆一堆的语法阅读听力,好像就没有别的本领了。当时流行一本叫《走遍美国》的教材,很好的一本书,非要用考试英语的刀给解剖了,搞出每一课的什么语言点语法重点来,不过当时我可没看出这个问题来,这是后来才明白的。

    前几个月我的邻居中有两个国内三流大学来的英语教授,做访问学者。我算是明白这些访问学者的水平了,英语系的教授却看不明白泰晤士报,回国了要买点洋货,问我劳力士手表是L开头的吧怎么拼写,就这种水平还能带研究生?以前我的大学是国内一流的,虽然我在海外没有遇到过国内一流大学的英语系教师,不过其他系的倒是见过几个,为了评职称不考英语,跑到国外来混十个月,这样就免考英语了。教育部能有这样的混蛋规定,真是也不能冤枉外人看低了中国的学术圈。这也许是一种作假吧,细细究来,这样的行为,和在秀水买假名牌,和用三聚氰氨做奶粉,有相通的地方。

    说远了,继续说我的英语历程。最开始是怎么用英语的呢?怎么起步的呢?现在回忆,有这样两件事情,一个是用短波收音机听BBC,中午午饭之后的休息时间,用短波收音机接收BBC的节目,同时用随身听给录下来,这样一盘磁带走到哪里听到哪里,当时用一个很破烂的全球收音机,不知道是南方哪个工厂生产的杂牌货,把天线绑在铁架子床上增加灵敏度。当时能过收到的节目应该是BBC World Service,这是正常语速的英语,VOA的慢速英语也收到过,不过那是晚上的,晚上就没空弄这些了。收听正常语速的英语,这一点很重要,以我现在的判断,如果当时一开始就听慢速英语,那就走了弯路了,那样就永远跳不出“学”英语的圈子了。

    另外一件事情就是从中学开始,买过一些盗印的外文书,那个时候在外文书店里专门有个只能中国人阅读的区域,外国访客会被拒绝进入的,里边都是盗印的外文书,牛津词典、各种小说,都很便宜,印刷质量也很差,每本书最后一页有几个汉字,一般是书名,还有价钱,价钱都不写明的,例如,如果是¥8.50,就写 850,这样售货员和读者互相心知肚明。在这样的地方,我买过一些简本的小说、历史读物,还记得看过两本英国历史的,当时遇到不认识的词就问我哥,拿他当活词典。我不愿意查词典,他倒是乐意查,我把不认识的字的中文意思写在旁边,可是我总偷懒,例如把heir注成“承人”或者“嗣”,做了很多类似古汉语的注解。这样在哥哥的逼迫下,一点一点看了十来本,这样阅读的好处在考试的时候显现不出来,现在才慢慢得益,当然得感谢哥哥。这是中学时候的事情。

    现在想想,当时大学期间,用英语的环境其实挺恶劣的,多的是学英语的环境。书店里最多的是应试指南,有一阵子引进了不少英文小说,企鹅的,可都是古典小说,好大一本,故事枯燥,让人提不起兴趣,现在我在北京的书箱里好像还有当时买的,《吉姆老爷》,看了几页就放下了。小时候曾经看过《汤姆索亚历险记》的电影,后来买了小说,说实话挺失望的,没有想象的那么好看,比不上看水浒西游兴致高。

    大学期间,学校的广播电台和英语系和图书馆都有磁带翻录点,除了教学磁带之外,好像也有那种小说朗读,不过我从来没有录过,因为翻录一盘好像要一块钱还是两块钱,没那么多闲钱,也没有想刻意用英语的想法,因为各科的考试都把人压得够呛了。比起现在互联网普及、DVD电影泛滥,大家都用MP3播放器,那时候只有磁带和随身听,并且我换过几个,质量好像一直都不高,因为这东西是不耐用消费品,用个一年半载就坏了,哪里有钱舍得买好几千的随身听。

    好在是一流大学,还有有值得称道的老师的,可他们都不是我的英语老师。大学三年级,开设有材料力学课程,范钦珊讲的,这个老师不简单,看得远,给我们每人都借一本英文的材料力学,他还是讲他自己编的讲义,同时鼓励我们同步看那本英文书。这个过程很让人受益, 虽然材料力学的知识还是用汉语学到的,可是明白了英文教材没有那么难,很容易看懂的,树立了信心,信心很重要。

    另外一位值得称道的老师是教专业英语的,这位老先生姓郭,——惭愧,记不得全名了。——当时给我们上课的时候好像都七十多了,是系里返聘回来的,老先生也很高兴给我们讲课。他当年曾经做过刘仙洲前辈的助教,西南联大时期,曾经从长沙走到昆明,MIT毕业的。老先生很严谨,并且经常到我们宿舍来个别辅导。从他那里,主要学到的是翻译,翻译要在通篇阅读明白之后才能着手,并且适当要把英文的语句打散,因为英语可以写出超级长的句子来,而汉语的习惯却是短句,这些都是那个时候搞明白的道理。当时我就是被老先生个别辅导的学生之一,他教翻译,真是一个字一个字抠啊,力求在汉语里精确表述,他的确用“信达雅”的标准还批改我们的作业。在老先生的逼迫下,看了不少英文的科技文献,虽然当时对专业考试没什么用处,可现在却感到受益匪浅。

    还有一次用英语的机会,是去听新东方的电影英语推介课,讲的是西雅图不眠夜,里边那个小孩说家里有cable,cable就是有线电视的意思,这和字典上的电缆相去甚远。这样的用法只有多看乱七八糟的东西才能明白。新东方的电影课太贵了,当时没钱,也没有这个需要,毕竟考试重要。现在我有个想法,等我以后我回国了,也可以考虑教人看电影,或者看CSI也行,这个我熟。:)

    临到大学快毕业的那一两年,VCD流行起来了,买了几十部上百部奥斯卡的影片,管他呢,稀里糊涂差不多都看了。虽然还是忍不住看字幕,可怎么着也算听了个耳顺。

    大学期间,算是用英语的萌芽期,有点误打误撞的意思。

me和舌头——英语小体会

me和舌头——英语小体会

Kele said:’My dad bought a box from a car boot sale and me and my mum were looking in the box and I found something round. I picked it up and I said "dad what’s this?" and he said "I think it’s a grenade."’

    这段话是从本地免费报纸PORTSMOUTH AND SOUTHSEA JOURNAL最近一期中摘录的,其中有这样的用法:me and my mum were looking in the box…,怎么能用me?这种句子见过很多了,每次都想不起来抄下来。现在也没有英语老师了,只能查查字典。

    好在有个学语言专业的朋友,发去邮件讨教,专业果然是专业,比我强。:)

    她的解释是,这种现象在英国人的口语中很常见,他们一般有两种用法:
1.my sister and I;
2.me and my sister.
都可以,但是顺序不能颠倒。

    其实以我的理解是,如果说I and …,舌头会打不过弯来,比较费劲,如果用me and …就很顺溜了。

    好像汉语也有这样迁就舌头的情况,例如“长安街”如果说成“长安路”舌头就有点费劲,“南京路”变成“南京街”舌头也不舒服。英语中的street和road也有类似的,例如Wall Street如果说成Wall Road,就得让舌头抽筋了。

Google把大家变傻了?(全文翻译)

Google把大家变傻了?(全文翻译)

    前次说到“Google把大家变傻了?”,某个网友提醒我,这篇文章在《读者》杂志上也有,这个我就不知道了,《读者》杂志我是从来不看的,也就是当年上大学,在火车上翻翻邻座的民工买的。这本杂志的定位不是我,这个我还是有自知之明的。

    由于看过英文,再仔细看看前次从八阙拷来的译文,发现错误不少,并且那译文掐头去尾,损失了不少关键的观点。其实这篇文章作者的视点站得很高,我相信他是写完这么一篇大文章,然后再取个吸引眼球的标题的,据说这种做法叫标题党。

    文中又一次提到图灵,这个人真是个天才,现在我在英国,了解到不少英国教育的弊病,在这样的教育制度下,只有绝对的天才才能脱颖而出,他绝对不是考试机器。这样的人,只能仰视,我辈是绝无可能企及的。

    这篇文章有点探讨言义之辨的意思,作者非常担心因言害义,当然,他的担心是有道理的,我现在也很难看得动小说,几次都是看了个开头就放下了。

    下面给出这篇文章的全文翻译,帮助不会英语的某些人,哈~

“Dave!住手!住手!别,我求你别!”超级计算机HAL苦苦央求宇航员Dave Bowman放过它。这一幕是Stanley Kubrick的电影《2001太空旅行》中的著名场景,诡异而又让人鼻头泛酸。由于电脑故障,Dave Bowman被送入茫茫外空,前路未卜,目的地不明,最后,在被送出的当口,他对HAL下了手,平静冷酷地切断了它的内存(记忆体)电路。“戴夫,我的思想要没了。”HAL绝望地说。“我感觉得到。我感觉得到啊。”

我也能感觉得到,在过去的数年时间里,我总有一种不祥之感,觉得有什么人,或什么东西,一直在我脑袋里鼓捣个不停,重绘我的‘脑电图’,重写我的‘脑内存’ 。我的思想倒没跑掉——至少到目前为止我还能这么说,——但它正在改变。我不再用过去的方式来思考了,在阅读的时候,能够很明显的感觉到这种变化。过去读一本书或一篇长文章时,不用费什么劲儿,脑瓜会专注地跟着其中的叙述或论点,转个没完。我可以几个小时都徜徉在散文复杂的结构之中,并且乐在其中。可如今再也做不到了。现在,往往读过了两三页,我的注意力就漂走了,开始烦躁,思绪断掉,开始找别的事情干。过去很容易的深度阅读现今成了一种挣扎。

我想我知道问题的症结所在,过去这十多年来,我在网上花了好多时间,在互联网的信息汪洋中冲浪、搜寻,为这个巨大的数据库添砖加瓦。对我这样的作家而言,网络就像个天上掉下来的聚宝盆,过去要在图书馆的书堆期刊里花上好几天做的研究,现在几分钟就解决问题了。Google几下,点几下鼠标,几个超链接下来,一切就都有了。即便不工作的时候,我也很可能是在网络密林里觅食:读写电子邮件,浏览新闻标题和blog帖子,看视频片段,听podcast,要么就是一个链接一个链接地瞎转悠。(超链接和脚注不同,它不仅仅给出出处,还诱惑你看它。)

对我来说是这样,对别人也是如此,网络正在变成一种万有媒介,一种管道,经由它,信息流过我的眼、耳,进入我的思想。在瞬间就能获取如此丰富的信息宝藏,这样的好处有很多,并被广为宣传宣扬。Clive Thompson写道,“对硅片上信息的完美访问是给我们思维的巨大恩赐。”但是这样的恩赐是要付出代价的。媒体理论专家Marshall McLuhan在1960年代指出,媒体可不仅仅是被动的信息渠道。它们提供思考的原料,但同时也在塑造着思考的过程!网络似乎粉碎了我专注与沉思的能力。现如今,我的脑袋就盼着以网络提供信息的方式来获取信息:飞快运动的微粒流。过去我是个深海潜水者,现在我好像踩着滑水板,从海面上飞驰而过。

我唯一遇到此种问题的人。当我向朋友们诉苦,抱怨阅读的痛苦,竟然得到许多共鸣。越是频繁的使用网络,愈发无法专著于长篇的文字。我阅读的几个blog写手也开始提到这个现象,Scott Karp有一个关于在线媒体的网络日志,他公开承认,他已完全放弃了阅读书籍。Karp写道,“我在大学时主修文学,一度是个大书虫。可现在怎么了啊?”他力图找到原因,“与其说是在网上读的太多,不如说是阅读的方式已经改变。我到底只是求个方便,还是我‘思考’的方式变了呢?”

长期在密歇根医学院任教的Bruce Friedman,今年早些时候也在自己的blog上写到互联网如何改变了他的思维习惯。“现在我已几乎完全丧失了阅读稍长些文章的能力,不管是在网上,还是在纸上。”他在电话里告诉我,他的思维呈现出一种“断奏”特性,这源自上网快速浏览多方短文的习惯。“我再也读不了《战争与和平》了,”Friedman承认,“我的大脑失去了这样的能力。即便是一篇blog,哪怕超过了三四段,也难以承受。我瞅一眼就跑。”

个案并不说明什么问题,我们仍然在等待长期神经学和精神学试验的结果,到底互联网对于人类的认知能力有怎样的影响。最近伦敦大学学院以五年时间,做了一个网络研读习惯的研究。研究表明,我们的阅读和思考方式正处于巨大变化之中。作为这个研究的一部分,学者们以两个学术网站为对象,一个是由大英图书馆运作的,另外一个由英国教育联盟运作,这两个网站都提供期刊文章、电子书,以及其他的在线文字信息。分析两个网站的浏览纪录,结果发现,读者好比“一掠而过”,忙于一篇又一篇地浏览,且极少回看已经访问过的文章。他们打开一篇文章或一本书,通常读上一两页,便“蹦”到另一个地方去了。有时他们会把文章保存下来,但没有证据显示他们日后确曾回头再读。学者们的研究报告是这样写的:

“很明显,用户们不是在以传统方式进行在线阅读,相反,一种新‘阅读’方式的迹象已经出现:用户们在标题、内容页和摘要之间进行着一视同仁的‘海量浏览’,以求快速得到结果。这几乎可被视为:他们上网正是为了回避传统意义上的阅读。”

由于互联网上大量的文字信息,再加上手机短信的普及,我们的阅读量已经超过了1970和1980年代电视作为主要媒介的年代。但是阅读和阅读不同,在不同的阅读背后,有着不同的思维方式,——甚至我们的自我。Maryanne Wolf是Tufts大学的心理学家,《普鲁斯特与鱿鱼:阅读思维的科学与故事》一书的作者,她是这么说的,“我们并非只由阅读的内容定义,我们也被我们阅读的方式所定义。”她担心,将“效率”和“快捷”置于一切之上的新阅读风格,或会减低我们进行深度阅读的能力。几百年前的印刷术,令阅读长且复杂的作品成为家常之事,如今的互联网技术莫非使它退回了又短又简单的中世纪?上网阅读时,我们充其量只是一台“信息解码器”,而我们专注地进行深度阅读时所形成的那种理解文本的能力、那种丰富的精神联想,在很大程度上都流消失了。

Wolf认为,阅读并非人类与生俱来的技巧,不像说话那样融于我们的基因。我们得训练自己的大脑,让它学会如何将我们所看到的字符译解成自己可以理解的语言。我们用于打磨阅读习惯的媒体和其他技术手段,在训练塑造大脑电路的过程中扮演了很重要的角色。研究表明,使用汉字等象形文字的大脑的电路,和使用字母文字的大脑有着很大的不同。差别分布于大脑的多个区域,包括负责感知的记忆区域,以及负责将视觉听觉刺激进行翻译的区域。可以预见的是,用阅读网络训练编制出来的脑电路,和用阅读书籍等印刷作品训练编制出来的脑电路肯定不一样。

1882年,Friedrich Nietzsche(尼采)买了台Malling-Hansen打字机。此时的他,视力下降的厉害,盯着纸看的时间长了,他会感到十分痛苦而疲劳,动不动头疼得要死。因为头痛,他多次缩短自己的作品,并且担心会被迫停止写作。但打字机救了他。他终于熟能生巧,闭着眼睛也能打字了——盲打,这样Nietzsche有能够将他的思想倾诉于纸张了。

然而,新机器也使其作品的风格发生了微妙的变化。他的某个作曲家朋友也发现了这一变化,为此写信给他,说他的作品文字更加紧凑,更加像电报。

“您说得对,”Nietzsche复信道,“我们的写作工具渗入了我们思想的形成。”德国媒体学者Friedrich A. Kittler则认为,改用打字机后,Nietzsche的文风“从争辩变成了格言,从思索变成了一语双关,从论证变成了电报式的风格”。

人的大脑几乎具有无限的延展性。人们曾经认为大脑的神经网络,也就是我们大脑中那100亿左右的神经元,当我们成年之后就不会再有多大的改变了。但是神经学家的研究却展现了另外一幅图画。George Mason大学Krasnow高级研究所的神经学家James Olds认为,成年人的大脑仍然颇具可塑性。神经元经常切断旧有的连接,建立新的连接。“大脑具有在工作中自我编程的能力,从而改变其运作方式。”

当我们使用社会学家Daniel Bell所称的“智能技术”的时候,也就是那些用来延伸我们的智力的工具,我们不可避免地依赖于这些技术的进步。十四世纪机械钟表的发明就是一个有力的例子。在Technics and Civilization杂志上,历史学家、文化评论人Lewis Mumford解释了钟表“如何把事件和人分割开来,从而创造了一个可以数学度量的独立世界。”“抽象的时间成为行动和思考双方的参照系。”

钟表有条不紊的滴滴答答帮助塑造了具有科学思维的头脑和科学意义上的人。但是钟表同时也带走了一些东西,MIT后来的计算科学家Joseph Weizenbaum在其1976年的书《计算机的力量与人的推理:从判断到计算》中写道,关于世界的概念是在广泛使用计时器之后出现的,这个概念一直在变化之中,相较于先前的世界,靠后的世界的概念总是比较贫乏,因为我们对于新世界的认识是建立在一些对旧世界的基本因素的反映、构建之上的。为了决定什么时候吃饭、工作、睡觉,起床,我们不再倾听我们自身身体的感觉,转而服从钟表的指针。

不断采用新的智能技术的过程是我们自我解释自我的过程。当机械钟表出现之后,人们开始琢磨,自己的大脑是不是也是类似钟表一样运转。现在,在软件时代,我们又开始想象大脑像计算机一样运转。但是根据神经科学的研究,我们大脑的改变,远远大于从钟表到计算机这样类比上的变化。由于我们的大脑是可塑的,大脑的适应改变同样也发生在生物层面上。

互联网宣称具有远程认知的能力。英国数学家Alan Turing在1939年发表的文章中提到,在当时仅仅存在于理论概念中的数字计算机,将有可能一统所有处理信息的设备。现在,我们已经看到了这样的统一,互联网作为潜力无穷的计算系统,正在整合其他的信息技术。互联网是地图,是钟表,是打字机/打印机,是计算器,是电话,是收音机,是电视机,……

当互联网吞噬了一个智能媒介之后,这一媒介就会在网络世界中再生一个镜像。网络给这个镜像注入内涵,同时附带超链接、闪烁的广告条,以及其他的数字小把戏。网络用它已经吞噬的其他智能媒介包裹新吞噬的东西。例如,在我们浏览当天的新闻网站的时候,一条电子邮件的到达提示信息会分散我们看新闻的注意力。

同时,网络的影响远远超出了电脑屏幕的界限。当人们的思维方式适应了互联网媒体的大拼盘范式后,传统媒体也会被迫做出改变,以迎合读者或观众的新愿望。电视节目加入了滚动字幕和不断跳出的小广告,报刊则缩短其文章的长度,引入一小块一小块的摘要,在版面上堆砌各种易于浏览的零碎信息。今年三月,《纽约时报》便决定将其第二和第三版改为内容精粹,其设计总监Tom Bodkin解释,这样的排版可以使忙碌的读者快速“品尝”当日新闻,节省了他们以前那种一页一页翻报纸读文章的时间。旧的媒体别无选择,只有遵照新媒体的游戏规则玩下去。

没有哪种沟通系统能像今天的互联网这样,在我们的生活中发挥如此众多的作用——或者对我们的思维模式产生了如此广泛的影响。然而,迄今为止关于互联网的讨论中,还很少提到互联网到底是如何重新编制我们的大脑的。互联网的智能伦理仍然模糊不清。

就在Nietzsche开始使用他的打字机的时候,Frederick Winslow Taylor,这个热心的年轻人,带着一块停表来到了费城的Midvale钢铁厂,他开始着手提升工厂技工的效率,这是一项具有历史意义的实验。有了工厂老板的许可,他雇用了一组工人,派他们去操作各种金属加工设备,记录下他们每个工序的操作时间。通过把每一项工作都分解成更小的工序序列,Taylor对每一哥工序都进行了优化实验,然后得出一整套精准的操作指令——也可以称作我们今天经常提到的“算法”。这套指令规定了每个工人应该如何工作。Midvale的员工开始抱怨这样严苛的指令把他们都变成了机器人,但是工厂的生产能力却急剧提升。

在蒸气机发明之后的一百多年后,工业革命可以说找到了其思想精髓,找到了它的思想家。Taylor喜欢把他这种生产线上紧张的“舞蹈”称作“系统”,这种系统很快就被美国其他的制造商们所采用,然后推向世界。为了寻求最快的速度、最大的生产效率、最大的产出,工厂主们采用时间——工序研究成果来配置工人的岗位。1911年Taylor在《科学管理原理》一书中定义的目标在于,针对每个工作,确认并且采用最佳的工作手段,从而逐渐在机械制造过程中用科学替代手工。Taylor向他的追随者保证,一旦他的系统被应用的手工制造的各个方面,他的系统不仅仅将会重建整个工业,而且会创造一个完美高效的社会。“以前,人是第一位的,但是以后,系统必须是第一。”

我们现在仍然和Taylor的系统紧密相关,它仍然保有工业制造的规范。现在,由于计算机工程师们和软件民工们的不懈努力,Taylor的系统规范也开始控制人的思维领域。互联网被设计成一架高效自动的机器,它可以传输、复制信息,它所辖制的编程民工军团努力寻找“最好的方法”,也就是完美的算法,来处理任何我们遇到的智力工作。

Google加州Mountain View的总部Googleplex是互联网最高的圣殿,在这座教堂所礼拜的的宗教是Taylor主义。Google首席执行官Eric Schmidt说,该公司的基石是测量科学,Google致力于将“一切系统化”。通过搜集整理兆兆等级的数据,Google每天都在进行成千上万的实验。据《哈佛商业评论》报道,Google用这些实验的结果来分析细化它的搜索算法,从而更有效的控制人们如何找到其所需信息。Taylor当年在系统化制造过程中的人手,而Google在做同样的事情,只不过其对象是大脑。

Google还宣布,其使命是“将全世界的信息组织起来,使之随处可得,并且有用。”通过开发“完美的搜索引擎”,让它能够“准确领会你的意图,并精确地回馈给你所要的东西”。在Google看来,信息是一种日用品,是一种有实用价值的资源,可以工业化的开采加工。我们获取的信息量越多,我们提炼梗概的速度越快,那么我们作为思想者就越高产。

最终会怎样呢?Sergey Brin和Larry Page这两个天才的年轻人创立了Google公司,那时候他们还是Stanfor大学的博士生。他们经常表现出要把他们的搜索引擎变成人工智能的意愿。也许有一天类似HAL的那种机器会连到我们的大脑上。几年前Page在一次演讲中提到,“终极搜索引擎将和人一样聪明,也许更聪明。”“对于我们来说,做好搜索引擎就是做好人工智能。”在2004年《新闻周刊》的一次专访中,Brin讲到,“可以肯定的是,如果你能把世界上所有的信息都直接装到脑袋里,或者装在比人脑更聪明的人工大脑里,那你会变得更完美。”去年,Page在一次科学家的对话中指出,“Google实际上正试图建立人工智能,并且在更大的尺度上实现人工智能。”

对于两个数学伶俐鬼来说,口袋里有大把钞票,并且雇佣有一个军的计算机专家,他们具有这样的野心很正常,甚至这是值得称道的雄心。作为一个科学原教旨企业,Google的发展动力在于渴望使用技术。用Eric Schmidt的话来说,人工智能是科学领域中最难的难关,可是为什么Brin和Page想成为吃螃蟹的人呢?

他们那个简单的假设,也就是当我们的大脑充满了信息,或者更甚,被人工智能大脑代替,我们会变得更好,现在还没有得到验证。这样的假设认为智力是一种机械过程,是一系列可以被剥离、测量、优化的步骤。在Google的世界里,当我们上网之后的世界中很少有思想的失真。模糊是无法接受的,将被看作漏洞,需要修补。人脑就是这样一台老旧过时的计算机,需要更快的处理器,更大的硬盘。

我们的思维应该像告诉数据处理机一样运转,这样的看法不仅仅存在互联网上,在商业网络领域同样是这样。我们上网冲浪的速度越快,也就是说我们点击浏览的页面越多,那么类似Google这样的公司就有越多的机会搜集我们的信息,然后填给我们更多的广告。绝大多数商业互联网公司都有金融股权,用于支持搜集我们从一个链接跳到另一个链接产生的信息数据碎屑,碎屑越多越好。这些公司最反对的就是休闲阅读,或者慢速、深度的阅读思考。他们的经济利益决定了要逼着我们分散注意力。

也许我是杞人忧天了。就像他们夸耀技术进步一样,每一个新工具新机器的出现,都有负面的影响。在柏拉图的《对话录》中,苏格拉底叹息书写的发展,他担心,一旦人们迷信于写下的文字,而不是存在于他们在头脑中可以使用的知识,人们将会“停止锻炼其记忆,进而变得好忘。”当人们可以“获取大量没有合理组织的信息”的时候,人们将会“有时看上去非常渊博,其实大部分情况简直就是白痴。”他们的心灵将“充满自负的智慧,而不是真正的智慧。”苏格拉底没错,新技术的确带来了他所担心的那些东西,然而,他还是有点短视了,他没有看到书写和阅读的新技术在传播信息、催生新想法、扩展人类知识方面额作用。

古登堡的印刷术,在十五世纪掀起了另外一轮批判的声浪。意大利的人类学家Hieronimo Squarciafico担心书籍太容易就能得到,这样会造成智力上的懒惰,把人们都变得不愿意学习了,从而减弱了人的思维。另外一种声音宣称廉价的书本印刷品会损害宗教的权威,贬低学者和抄写员的工作,散播暴乱和堕落。正如纽约大学的教授Clay Shirky指出的,“针对印刷术的大多数批评都是正确的,甚至很有预见性。”然而,唱衰者们无法想象,印刷品给人们带去了成千上万的祝福。

那么,你可以对我的怀疑保持怀疑态度。也许这些批评互联网的声音中有反机械化的路德分子,有怀旧的人,这种批评也许最终被证明是正确的,也许从我们那亢奋的塞满数据的头脑中会迸发出智力大发现的黄金年代,产生普世的智慧。网络不是字母表,尽管它可能替代印刷术,网络会产生完全不同的东西。我们从深度阅读印刷品中得到的不仅仅是作者留在字里行间的知识,还有发自我们自身大脑的智慧震颤。在安静的地方,通过持续、不受干扰的阅读书籍,或者其他方式的深思,我们可以自我推理演绎,培养自己的思想。深度阅读,正如Maryanne Wolf提到的,和深度思考密不可分。

如果我们失去了这样安静的空间,或者说在其中塞满了“内容”,我们就得做出点牺牲了,牺牲不仅仅在于我们自身,还会影响到我们的文化。在最近的一篇文章中,戏剧家Richard Foreman这样巧妙的譬喻:

我出身于传统的西方文化,这种文化推崇受过良好教育的清晰人格,有点类似复杂、密集的大教堂结构,具备这样人格的人,无论男女,都具有完备的西方传统,同时又有自己独特的人格魅力。但是现在,我认为包括我自己在内的所有人,自身内部那复杂密集的人格结构,已经被一种新的自我所替代了,这是从大量信息高压下产生的,是“即时可取”信息技术的产物。

当我们掏空我们内部具有深厚文化底蕴的自我之后,Foreman认为,当我们用鼠标于巨大的信息网络连接的时候,我们就变成了薄饼一族,摊得又大又薄。

我深为2001那一幕担心。为什么会这么痛苦,这么诡异?HAL只是台计算机,它为自己的思维消食而恐惧,它绝望于一个个电路掉电,为此发出稚气的哀求——我感觉得到,我感觉得到啊,我怕!——它的回光返照可以称作无辜。电影中HAL的情绪丰富,和作为人的那些角色的冷酷恰成对比,而这些冷酷的人,却用高效机器人来运作他们的业务。这些人的思维和行动,完全是照本宣科,正如他们在遵循某种算法来运作业务。在2001的世界里,人具有机器的特质,而机器却有了人的人性。这正式Kubrick可怕的预言,当我们依赖计算机来认识我们的世界的时候,我们的智慧就变成了人工智能。

阅读方式的改变——Google把大家变傻了?

阅读方式的改变——Google把大家变傻了?

Is Google Making Us Stupid?  by Nicholas Carr, The Atlantic Monthly, August/September 2008 

    看到一篇有趣的文章,谈的是因特网对人们阅读方式的影响,进而影响大脑的思维方式。这篇其实可以和先前国家地理杂志2007年11月的文章Memory相对而读。大西洋月刊的这篇文章,其实我先是看到一则中文的介绍,八阙广角新闻转发了蓝十字心理援助计划的这篇简短的译文:

编前语:对于这个问题,也许我们可以这样看:搜索引擎的融入生活,或许会让智者减弱深度钻研能力;但同时也会让普通人多了解释“为什么”的便捷途径—-尽管这只是区区的浅尝辄止。这个著名的场景出现在库布里克的电影《2001太空漫游》的片尾,乃超级电脑HAL恳求宇航员戴夫・鲍曼手下留情,放他一条生路。由于电脑故障,戴夫被送入茫茫外空,前路未卜,目的地不明,只好“视死如不归”。最后,他对HAL下了手,平静而冷酷地切断了它的内存(记忆体)电路。“戴夫,我的思想要没了。”HAL绝望地说。“我感觉得到。我感觉得到。”

当尼古拉斯・卡尔(NicholasCarr)想起HAL的哀号,不由得脸皮有些酥麻,手脚略感冰凉。“我也感觉得到。”他说。卡尔在2008年7-8月号的《大西洋月刊》撰文,以《Google是否让我们越变越傻》为题,痛苦地剖析自己和互联网一代的大脑退化历程。“过去几年来,我老有一种不祥之感,觉得有什么人,或什么东西,一直在我脑袋里鼓捣个不停,重绘我的‘脑电图’,重写我的‘脑内存’。”他写道,“我的思想倒没跑掉—-到目前为止我还能这么说,但它正在改变。我不再用过去的方式来思考了。”

他注意到,过去读一本书或一篇长文章时,总是不费什么劲儿,脑袋瓜子就专注地跟着其中的叙述或论点,转个没完。可如今这都不灵了。“现在,往往读过了两、三页,我的注意力就漂走了。我好烦,思绪断了,开始找别的事儿干。”他总想把心收回来,好好看会儿书,投入的阅读以往是自然而然,如今则成了一场战斗。卡尔找到了原因。过去这十多年来,他在网上花了好多时间,在互联网的信息汪洋中冲浪,搜寻。对作家而言,网络就像个天上掉下来的聚宝盆,过去要在书堆里花上好几天做的研究,现在几分钟就齐活。Google几下,动两下鼠标,一切就都有了。即便不工作的时候,他也很可能是在网络密林里觅食:读、写电邮,浏览新闻标题和blog,看视频节目,听podcast,要么就是一个链接一个链接地瞎转悠。

对我来说,”卡尔写道,“对别人也是如此,网络正在变成一种万有媒介,一种管道,经由它,信息流过我的眼、耳,进入我的思想。”信息太丰富了,我们受用不尽,也不忘感恩戴德,却往往忽视了要付出的代价。正如麦克卢汉40年前所说,媒体可不仅仅是被动的信息渠道。它们提供思考的原料,但同时也在定义着思考的过程!“网络似乎粉碎了我专注与沉思的能力。现如今,我的脑袋就盼着以网络提供信息的方式来获取信息:飞快的微粒运动。”卡尔说,“过去我是个深海潜水者,现在我好像踩着滑水板,从海面上飞驰而过。”

卡尔不是唯一一个遇到此种问题的人。他向朋友们倾诉,竟然得到许多共鸣。在网上,也有人遇到同样的麻烦。一位名叫斯科特・卡普(ScottKarp)的blogger公开承认,他已完全放弃了读书。“这是咋了?”卡普写道,“我在大学时主修文学,一度是个大书虫。”他力图找到原因。但与其说是在网上读的太多,不如说是阅读的方式已经改变。“我到底只是求个方便,还是我‘思考’的方式变了呢?”长期在密歇根医学院任教的布鲁斯・弗里德曼(Bruce Friedman),今年早些时候也在自己的blog上写到互联网如何改变了他的思维习惯。“现在我已几乎完全丧失了阅读稍长些文章的能力,不管是在网上,还是在纸上。”他在电话里告诉卡尔,他的思维呈现出一种“碎读”(staccato)特性,源自上网快速浏览多方短文的习惯。“我再也读不了《战争与和平》了。”弗里德曼承认,“我失去了这个本事。即便是一篇blog,哪怕超过了三、四段,也难以下咽。我瞅一眼就跑。”

伦敦大学学院以五年时间,做了一个网络研读习惯的研究。学者们以两个学术网站为对象—-它们均提供电子期刊、电子书及其他文字信息的在线阅读,分析它们的浏览纪录,结果发现,读者好比“一掠而过”,忙于一篇又一篇地浏览,且极少回看已经访问过的文章。他们打开一篇文章或一本书,通常读上一两页,便“蹦”到另一个地方去了。有时他们会把文章保存下来,但没有证据显示他们日后确曾回头再读。报告说:“很明显,用户们不是在以传统方式进行在线阅读,相反,一种新‘阅读’方式的迹象已经出现:用户们在标题、内容页和摘要之间进行着一视同仁的‘海量浏览’,以求快速得到结果。这几乎可被视为:他们上网正是为了回避传统意义上的阅读。”

互联网改变的不仅是我们的阅读方式,或许还有我们的思维方式,甚至我们的自我。塔夫茨大学的心理学家、《普鲁斯特与鱿鱼:阅读思维的科学与故事》(Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain)一书作者玛雅妮・沃尔夫(Maryanne Wolf)说:“我们并非只由阅读的内容定义,我们也被我们阅读的方式所定义。”她担心,将“效率”和“直接”置于一切之上的新阅读风格,或会减低我们进行深度阅读的能力。几百年前的印刷术,令阅读长且复杂的作品成为家常之事,如今的互联网技术莫非使它退回了又短又简单的中世纪?沃尔夫说,上网阅读时,我们充其量只是一台“信息解码器”,而我们专注地进行深度阅读时所形成的那种理解文本的能力、那种丰富的精神联想,在很大程度上都流失掉了。

沃尔夫认为,阅读并非人类与生俱来的技巧,不像说话那样融于我们的基因。我们得训练自己的大脑,让它学会如何将我们所看到的字符译解成自己可以理解的语言。1882年,尼采买了台打字机。此时的他,视力下降的厉害,盯着纸看的时间长了,他会感到十分痛苦而疲劳,动不动头疼得要死,他担心会被迫停止写作。但打字机救了他。他终于熟能生巧,闭着眼睛也能打字—-盲打。然而,新机器也使其作品的风格发生了微妙的变化。他的一个作曲家朋友为此写信给他,还说自己写曲子时,风格经常因纸和笔的特性不同而改变。

“您说得对,”尼采复信道,“我们的写作工具渗入了我们思想的形成。”德国媒体学者弗里德里希・基特勒则认为,改用打字机后,尼采的文风“从争辩变成了格言,从思索变成了一语双关,从繁琐论证变成了电报式的风格”。卡尔引用神经学家的观点,证明成年人的大脑仍然颇具可塑性,而历史上机械钟表和地图的发明,同样说明了人类如何因此改变了对时间与空间的思维。互联网正是今日的钟表与地图。

网络的影响远远超出了电脑屏幕的界限。当人们的思维方式适应了互联网媒体的大拼盘范式后,传统媒体也会做出改变,以迎合读者或观众的新愿望。电视节目加入了滚动字幕和不断跳出的小广告,报刊则缩短其文章的长度,引入一小块一小块的摘要,在版面上堆砌各种易于浏览的零碎信息。今年3月,《纽约时报》便决定将其第2和第3版改为内容精粹,以使忙碌的读者可以快速“品尝”新闻。“没有哪种沟通系统能像互联网今日所为这样,在我们的生活中发挥如此众多的作用—-或者对我们的思维模式产生了如此广泛的影响。”卡尔写道。Google首席执行官埃里克・施密特说,该公司致力于将“一切系统化”。Google还宣布,其使命是“将全世界的信息组织起来,使之随处可得,并且有用。”通过开发“完美的搜索引擎,”让它能够“准确领会你的意图,并精确地回馈给你所要的东西”。问题是,它会使我们越变越蠢吗?“我感觉得到。我感觉得到。”卡尔最后说,库布里克黑色预言的实质在于:当我们依赖电脑作为理解世界的媒介时,它就会成为我们自己的思想。

    下面给出英文的全文,转载自http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200807/google:

"Dave, stop. Stop, will you? Stop, Dave. Will you stop, Dave?” So the supercomputer HAL pleads with the implacable astronaut Dave Bowman in a famous and weirdly poignant scene toward the end of Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey. Bowman, having nearly been sent to a deep-space death by the malfunctioning machine, is calmly, coldly disconnecting the memory circuits that control its artificial “ brain. “Dave, my mind is going,” HAL says, forlornly. “I can feel it. I can feel it.”

I can feel it, too. Over the past few years I’ve had an uncomfortable sense that someone, or something, has been tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprogramming the memory. My mind isn’t going—so far as I can tell—but it’s changing. I’m not thinking the way I used to think. I can feel it most strongly when I’m reading. Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy. My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and I’d spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose. That’s rarely the case anymore. Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages. I get fidgety, lose the thread, begin looking for something else to do. I feel as if I’m always dragging my wayward brain back to the text. The deep reading that used to come naturally has become a struggle.

I think I know what’s going on. For more than a decade now, I’ve been spending a lot of time online, searching and surfing and sometimes adding to the great databases of the Internet. The Web has been a godsend to me as a writer. Research that once required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in minutes. A few Google searches, some quick clicks on hyperlinks, and I’ve got the telltale fact or pithy quote I was after. Even when I’m not working, I’m as likely as not to be foraging in the Web’s info-thickets’reading and writing e-mails, scanning headlines and blog posts, watching videos and listening to podcasts, or just tripping from link to link to link. (Unlike footnotes, to which they’re sometimes likened, hyperlinks don’t merely point to related works; they propel you toward them.)

For me, as for others, the Net is becoming a universal medium, the conduit for most of the information that flows through my eyes and ears and into my mind. The advantages of having immediate access to such an incredibly rich store of information are many, and they’ve been widely described and duly applauded. “The perfect recall of silicon memory,” Wired’s Clive Thompson has written, “can be an enormous boon to thinking.” But that boon comes at a price. As the media theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in the 1960s, media are not just passive channels of information. They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought. And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation. My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it: in a swiftly moving stream of particles. Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski.

I’m not the only one. When I mention my troubles with reading to friends and acquaintances—literary types, most of them—many say they’re having similar experiences. The more they use the Web, the more they have to fight to stay focused on long pieces of writing. Some of the bloggers I follow have also begun mentioning the phenomenon. Scott Karp, who writes a blog about online media, recently confessed that he has stopped reading books altogether. “I was a lit major in college, and used to be [a] voracious book reader,” he wrote. “What happened?” He speculates on the answer: “What if I do all my reading on the web not so much because the way I read has changed, i.e. I’m just seeking convenience, but because the way I THINK has changed?”

Bruce Friedman, who blogs regularly about the use of computers in medicine, also has described how the Internet has altered his mental habits. “I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the web or in print,” he wrote earlier this year. A pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School, Friedman elaborated on his comment in a telephone conversation with me. His thinking, he said, has taken on a “staccato” quality, reflecting the way he quickly scans short passages of text from many sources online. “I can’t read War and Peace  anymore,” he admitted. “I’ve lost the ability to do that. Even a blog post of more than three or four paragraphs is too much to absorb. I skim it.”

Anecdotes alone don’t prove much. And we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how Internet use affects cognition. But a recently published study of online research habits , conducted by scholars from University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think. As part of the five-year research program, the scholars examined computer logs documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a U.K. educational consortium, that provide access to journal articles, e-books, and other sources of written information. They found that people using the sites exhibited “a form of skimming activity,” hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they’d already visited. They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would “bounce” out to another site. Sometimes they’d save a long article, but there’s no evidence that they ever went back and actually read it. The authors of the study report:

 

It is clear that users are not reading online in the traditional sense; indeed there are signs that new forms of “reading” are emerging as users “power browse” horizontally through titles, contents pages and abstracts going for quick wins. It almost seems that they go online to avoid reading in the traditional sense.

 

Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of text-messaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice. But it’s a different kind of reading, and behind it lies a different kind of thinking—perhaps even a new sense of the self. “We are not only what we read,” says Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain. “We are how we read.” Wolf worries that the style of reading promoted by the Net, a style that puts “efficiency” and “immediacy” above all else, may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an earlier technology, the printing press, made long and complex works of prose commonplace. When we read online, she says, we tend to become “mere decoders of information.” Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged.

Reading, explains Wolf, is not an instinctive skill for human beings. It’s not etched into our genes the way speech is. We have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we understand. And the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our brains. Experiments demonstrate that readers of ideograms, such as the Chinese, develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an alphabet. The variations extend across many regions of the brain, including those that govern such essential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and auditory stimuli. We can expect as well that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed works.

Sometime in 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche bought a typewriter—a Malling-Hansen Writing Ball, to be precise. His vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had become exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing headaches. He had been forced to curtail his writing, and he feared that he would soon have to give it up. The typewriter rescued him, at least for a time. Once he had mastered touch-typing, he was able to write with his eyes closed, using only the tips of his fingers. Words could once again flow from his mind to the page.

But the machine had a subtler effect on his work. One of Nietzsche’s friends, a composer, noticed a change in the style of his writing. His already terse prose had become even tighter, more telegraphic. “Perhaps you will through this instrument even take to a new idiom,” the friend wrote in a letter, noting that, in his own work, his “‘thoughts’ in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper.”

“You are right,” Nietzsche replied, “our writing equipment takes part in the forming of our thoughts.” Under the sway of the machine, writes the German media scholar Friedrich A. Kittler , Nietzsche’s prose “changed from arguments to aphorisms, from thoughts to puns, from rhetoric to telegram style.”

The human brain is almost infinitely malleable. People used to think that our mental meshwork, the dense connections formed among the 100 billion or so neurons inside our skulls, was largely fixed by the time we reached adulthood. But brain researchers have discovered that that’s not the case. James Olds, a professor of neuroscience who directs the Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study at George Mason University, says that even the adult mind “is very plastic.” Nerve cells routinely break old connections and form new ones. “The brain,” according to Olds, “has the ability to reprogram itself on the fly, altering the way it functions.”

As we use what the sociologist Daniel Bell has called our “intellectual technologies”—the tools that extend our mental rather than our physical capacities—we inevitably begin to take on the qualities of those technologies. The mechanical clock, which came into common use in the 14th century, provides a compelling example. In Technics and Civilization, the historian and cultural critic Lewis Mumford  described how the clock “disassociated time from human events and helped create the belief in an independent world of mathematically measurable sequences.” The “abstract framework of divided time” became “the point of reference for both action and thought.”

The clock’s methodical ticking helped bring into being the scientific mind and the scientific man. But it also took something away. As the late MIT computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum  observed in his 1976 book, Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation, the conception of the world that emerged from the widespread use of timekeeping instruments “remains an impoverished version of the older one, for it rests on a rejection of those direct experiences that formed the basis for, and indeed constituted, the old reality.” In deciding when to eat, to work, to sleep, to rise, we stopped listening to our senses and started obeying the clock.

The process of adapting to new intellectual technologies is reflected in the changing metaphors we use to explain ourselves to ourselves. When the mechanical clock arrived, people began thinking of their brains as operating “like clockwork.” Today, in the age of software, we have come to think of them as operating “like computers.” But the changes, neuroscience tells us, go much deeper than metaphor. Thanks to our brain’s plasticity, the adaptation occurs also at a biological level.

The Internet promises to have particularly far-reaching effects on cognition. In a paper published in 1936, the British mathematician Alan Turing  proved that a digital computer, which at the time existed only as a theoretical machine, could be programmed to perform the function of any other information-processing device. And that’s what we’re seeing today. The Internet, an immeasurably powerful computing system, is subsuming most of our other intellectual technologies. It’s becoming our map and our clock, our printing press and our typewriter, our calculator and our telephone, and our radio and TV.

When the Net absorbs a medium, that medium is re-created in the Net’s image. It injects the medium’s content with hyperlinks, blinking ads, and other digital gewgaws, and it surrounds the content with the content of all the other media it has absorbed. A new e-mail message, for instance, may announce its arrival as we’re glancing over the latest headlines at a newspaper’s site. The result is to scatter our attention and diffuse our concentration.

The Net’s influence doesn’t end at the edges of a computer screen, either. As people’s minds become attuned to the crazy quilt of Internet media, traditional media have to adapt to the audience’s new expectations. Television programs add text crawls and pop-up ads, and magazines and newspapers shorten their articles, introduce capsule summaries, and crowd their pages with easy-to-browse info-snippets. When, in March of this year, TheNew York Times decided to devote the second and third pages of every edition to article abstracts , its design director, Tom Bodkin, explained that the “shortcuts” would give harried readers a quick “taste” of the day’s news, sparing them the “less efficient” method of actually turning the pages and reading the articles. Old media have little choice but to play by the new-media rules.

Never has a communications system played so many roles in our lives—or exerted such broad influence over our thoughts—as the Internet does today. Yet, for all that’s been written about the Net, there’s been little consideration of how, exactly, it’s reprogramming us. The Net’s intellectual ethic remains obscure.

About the same time that Nietzsche started using his typewriter, an earnest young man named Frederick Winslow Taylor  carried a stopwatch into the Midvale Steel plant in Philadelphia and began a historic series of experiments aimed at improving the efficiency of the plant’s machinists. With the approval of Midvale’s owners, he recruited a group of factory hands, set them to work on various metalworking machines, and recorded and timed their every movement as well as the operations of the machines. By breaking down every job into a sequence of small, discrete steps and then testing different ways of performing each one, Taylor created a set of precise instructions—an “algorithm,” we might say today—for how each worker should work. Midvale’s employees grumbled about the strict new regime, claiming that it turned them into little more than automatons, but the factory’s productivity soared.

More than a hundred years after the invention of the steam engine, the Industrial Revolution had at last found its philosophy and its philosopher. Taylor’s tight industrial choreography—his “system,” as he liked to call it—was embraced by manufacturers throughout the country and, in time, around the world. Seeking maximum speed, maximum efficiency, and maximum output, factory owners used time-and-motion studies to organize their work and configure the jobs of their workers. The goal, as Taylor defined it in his celebrated 1911 treatise, The Principles of Scientific Management, was to identify and adopt, for every job, the “one best method” of work and thereby to effect “the gradual substitution of science for rule of thumb throughout the mechanic arts.” Once his system was applied to all acts of manual labor, Taylor assured his followers, it would bring about a restructuring not only of industry but of society, creating a utopia of perfect efficiency. “In the past the man has been first,” he declared; “in the future the system must be first.”

Taylor’s system is still very much with us; it remains the ethic of industrial manufacturing. And now, thanks to the growing power that computer engineers and software coders wield over our intellectual lives, Taylor’s ethic is beginning to govern the realm of the mind as well. The Internet is a machine designed for the efficient and automated collection, transmission, and manipulation of information, and its legions of programmers are intent on finding the “one best method”—the perfect algorithm—to carry out every mental movement of what we’ve come to describe as “knowledge work.”

Google’s headquarters, in Mountain View, California—the Googleplex—is the Internet’s high church, and the religion practiced inside its walls is Taylorism. Google, says its chief executive, Eric Schmidt, is “a company that’s founded around the science of measurement,” and it is striving to “systematize everything” it does. Drawing on the terabytes of behavioral data it collects through its search engine and other sites, it carries out thousands of experiments a day, according to the Harvard Business Review, and it uses the results to refine the algorithms that increasingly control how people find information and extract meaning from it. What Taylor did for the work of the hand, Google is doing for the work of the mind.

The company has declared that its mission is “to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.” It seeks to develop “the perfect search engine,” which it defines as something that “understands exactly what you mean and gives you back exactly what you want.” In Google’s view, information is a kind of commodity, a utilitarian resource that can be mined and processed with industrial efficiency. The more pieces of information we can “access” and the faster we can extract their gist, the more productive we become as thinkers.

Where does it end? Sergey Brin and Larry Page, the gifted young men who founded Google while pursuing doctoral degrees in computer science at Stanford, speak frequently of their desire to turn their search engine into an artificial intelligence, a HAL-like machine that might be connected directly to our brains. “The ultimate search engine is something as smart as people—or smarter,” Page said in a speech a few years back. “For us, working on search is a way to work on artificial intelligence.” In a 2004 interview with Newsweek, Brin said, “Certainly if you had all the world’s information directly attached to your brain, or an artificial brain that was smarter than your brain, you’d be better off.” Last year, Page told a convention of scientists that Google is “really trying to build artificial intelligence and to do it on a large scale.”

Such an ambition is a natural one, even an admirable one, for a pair of math whizzes with vast quantities of cash at their disposal and a small army of computer scientists in their employ. A fundamentally scientific enterprise, Google is motivated by a desire to use technology, in Eric Schmidt’s words, “to solve problems that have never been solved before,” and artificial intelligence is the hardest problem out there. Why wouldn’t Brin and Page want to be the ones to crack it?

Still, their easy assumption that we’d all “be better off” if our brains were supplemented, or even replaced, by an artificial intelligence is unsettling. It suggests a belief that intelligence is the output of a mechanical process, a series of discrete steps that can be isolated, measured, and optimized. In Google’s world, the world we enter when we go online, there’s little place for the fuzziness of contemplation. Ambiguity is not an opening for insight but a bug to be fixed. The human brain is just an outdated computer that needs a faster processor and a bigger hard drive.

The idea that our minds should operate as high-speed data-processing machines is not only built into the workings of the Internet, it is the network’s reigning business model as well. The faster we surf across the Web—the more links we click and pages we view—the more opportunities Google and other companies gain to collect information about us and to feed us advertisements. Most of the proprietors of the commercial Internet have a financial stake in collecting the crumbs of data we leave behind as we flit from link to link—the more crumbs, the better. The last thing these companies want is to encourage leisurely reading or slow, concentrated thought. It’s in their economic interest to drive us to distraction.

Maybe I’m just a worrywart. Just as there’s a tendency to glorify technological progress, there’s a countertendency to expect the worst of every new tool or machine. In Plato’s Phaedrus, Socrates bemoaned the development of writing. He feared that, as people came to rely on the written word as a substitute for the knowledge they used to carry inside their heads, they would, in the words of one of the dialogue’s characters, “cease to exercise their memory and become forgetful.” And because they would be able to “receive a quantity of information without proper instruction,” they would “be thought very knowledgeable when they are for the most part quite ignorant.” They would be “filled with the conceit of wisdom instead of real wisdom.” Socrates wasn’t wrong—the new technology did often have the effects he feared—but he was shortsighted. He couldn’t foresee the many ways that writing and reading would serve to spread information, spur fresh ideas, and expand human knowledge (if not wisdom).

The arrival of Gutenberg’s printing press, in the 15th century, set off another round of teeth gnashing. The Italian humanist Hieronimo Squarciafico worried that the easy availability of books would lead to intellectual laziness, making men “less studious” and weakening their minds. Others argued that cheaply printed books and broadsheets would undermine religious authority, demean the work of scholars and scribes, and spread sedition and debauchery. As New York University professor Clay Shirky notes, “Most of the arguments made against the printing press were correct, even prescient.” But, again, the doomsayers were unable to imagine the myriad blessings that the printed word would deliver.

So, yes, you should be skeptical of my skepticism. Perhaps those who dismiss critics of the Internet as Luddites or nostalgists will be proved correct, and from our hyperactive, data-stoked minds will spring a golden age of intellectual discovery and universal wisdom. Then again, the Net isn’t the alphabet, and although it may replace the printing press, it produces something altogether different. The kind of deep reading that a sequence of printed pages promotes is valuable not just for the knowledge we acquire from the author’s words but for the intellectual vibrations those words set off within our own minds. In the quiet spaces opened up by the sustained, undistracted reading of a book, or by any other act of contemplation, for that matter, we make our own associations, draw our own inferences and analogies, foster our own ideas. Deep reading, as Maryanne Wolf argues, is indistinguishable from deep thinking.

If we lose those quiet spaces, or fill them up with “content,” we will sacrifice something important not only in our selves but in our culture. In a recent essay, the playwright Richard Foreman  eloquently described what’s at stake:

 I come from a tradition of Western culture, in which the ideal (my ideal) was the complex, dense and “cathedral-like” structure of the highly educated and articulate personality—a man or woman who carried inside themselves a personally constructed and unique version of the entire heritage of the West. [But now] I see within us all (myself included) the replacement of complex inner density with a new kind of self—evolving under the pressure of information overload and the technology of the “instantly available.”

 As we are drained of our “inner repertory of dense cultural inheritance,” Foreman concluded, we risk turning into “‘pancake people’—spread wide and thin as we connect with that vast network of information accessed by the mere touch of a button.”

I’m haunted by that scene in 2001. What makes it so poignant, and so weird, is the computer’s emotional response to the disassembly of its mind: its despair as one circuit after another goes dark, its childlike pleading with the astronaut—“I can feel it. I can feel it. I’m afraid”—and its final reversion to what can only be called a state of innocence. HAL’s outpouring of feeling contrasts with the emotionlessness that characterizes the human figures in the film, who go about their business with an almost robotic efficiency. Their thoughts and actions feel scripted, as if they’re following the steps of an algorithm. In the world of 2001, people have become so machinelike that the most human character turns out to be a machine. That’s the essence of Kubrick’s dark prophecy: as we come to rely on computers to mediate our understanding of the world, it is our own intelligence that flattens into artificial intelligence.

    按照文中的说法,这篇文章本身就够长的,不知道有多少人能耐着性子看下来。看来得戒网啊,多看书,少看网。如果要回答文章标题的那个问题的话——Google把大家都变傻了?——那么我想答案是肯定的。

    多看书,少看网!